Late 14th Century English Bynames Indicating Relationships

by Mari ingen Briain meic Donnchada (Kathleen M. O'Brien)


© 2000-2010 by Kathleen M. O'Brien. All rights reserved.
Version 2.1, updated 07 April 2010


Introduction

Bynames indicating relationships such as 'wife', 'daughter', 'brother', and others, existed in English in the time when literal bynames were the standard. This type of byname vanished for the most part as literal bynames were replaced by inherited surnames. The notable exception to this trend were bynames indicating a 'son' relationship. A large number of these survive today as inherited surnames such as Jackson, Johnson, Nicholson, Richardson, Wilson, etc.

This article contains a continually growing list of English relationship bynames I have run across while doing other research. As I find more examples, I will update this list.

Bynames from this period which indicated a 'son' relationship have mostly survived as inherited surnames and, so, are easier to find in surname dictionaries such as Reaney and Wilson's Dictionary of English Surnames (to name just one example). Since 'son' names are so much easier to look up, I am not planning on including examples of 'son' relationship bynames at this time.

Bynames indicating other types of relationships are listed sorted by type in the table below. The majority of these bynames that I have found so far tend to be in the late 14th century in Yorkshire. A significant reason for this grouping is the sheer number of these bynames that exist in the poll tax records that survive from Yorkshire. Reaney & Wilson (pp. l-li) say:

The West Riding Poll-tax of 1379 (19,600 names) provides material quite unlike that found in the south and paralleled only by the East Riding Poll-tax of 1381. The filius-type name is much less common than in 1327; that in -son much more common. What is noticeable is the frequency of names in -wyf, and -doghter and those of servants in -man, -servant, -woman, -mayden, besides names indicating other relationships in -brother, -cosyn, -syster, -stepson.

Over time, I have run across a handful of other examples of this type of byname from other years and other areas in England. I have included those bynames here, but intentionally left the title of this article as "Late 14th Century..." because the vast majority of the examples we have for these bynames date from that period.

I have also included a list of sources where I have found these types of bynames so far.


Byname Construction Sorted By Type

Byname for a: Formed: Relation's
Given Name
Relation's
Patronymic
Byname
Relation's Given Name
And
Patronymic Byname
Relation's
Descriptive
Byname
Relation's
Locative
Byname
Relation's
Occupational
Byname
wife using husband's given name patronymic byname given name and
patronymic byname
    occupation
daughter using father's given name patronymic byname   descriptive byname locative byname occupation
using mother's given name          
stepson using stepfather's given name          
child using father's given name          
sister using sibling's           occupation
brother using sibling's           occupation
father using son's           occupation
cousin using cousin's given name          
female servant using master's given name patronymic byname   descriptive byname locative byname occupation
male servant using master's given name     descriptive byname locative byname occupation


Medieval Scotland | Medieval Names Archive | Late 14th Century English Bynames Indicating Relationships


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